Abstract Factory in Python

Design patterns / Creational patterns

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# --- interfaces ---
class IFactory(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def create_a(self) -> "ProductA": ...
    @abstractmethod
    def create_b(self) -> "ProductB": ...

class ProductA(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def test_a(self) -> None: ...

class ProductB(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def test_b(self) -> None: ...

# --- family 1 ---
class ProductA1(ProductA):
    def test_a(self): print("test A1")

class ProductB1(ProductB):
    def test_b(self): print("test B1")

class Factory1(IFactory):
    def create_a(self): return ProductA1()
    def create_b(self): return ProductB1()

# --- family 2 ---
class ProductA2(ProductA):
    def test_a(self): print("test A2")

class ProductB2(ProductB):
    def test_b(self): print("test B2")

class Factory2(IFactory):
    def create_a(self): return ProductA2()
    def create_b(self): return ProductB2()

# --- client ---
def check_factory(factory: IFactory) -> None:
    factory.create_a().test_a()
    factory.create_b().test_b()

check_factory(Factory1())  # test A1 / test B1
check_factory(Factory2())  # test A2 / test B2

Provides an interface for creating families of objects whose interfaces are known but concrete classes are not.

The problem. A program draws its windows in two styles, light and dark. Each style needs its own button and its own menu. If the code creates them directly, it can mix a light button with a dark menu by mistake. A third style would also mean a search for every place where a button or a menu is created.

The idea. An abstract factory is an interface with one creation method for each kind of product. Each concrete factory implements it for one family. One factory creates the light button and the light menu; another creates the dark ones. The client receives a factory and creates every product through it. It never names a concrete product, so the products it gets always belong to one family. To change the whole family, you give the client a different factory.

How to read the example. There are two kinds of product, A and B. A concrete factory makes one family: one product of each kind, marked with the same number. The client receives a factory, asks it for one product of each kind and uses both. The client does not know which family it got, but the output shows it. Some languages declare no interfaces at all, but the roles stay the same.

When to use it. Use Abstract Factory when products must work together and there are several families of them, such as visual themes or operating systems. Do not use it when there is only one family. It is also not needed when the products do not depend on each other: a constructor or a Factory Method is enough.

A common mistake. Choosing this pattern while the kinds of product still change often. Each new kind adds a method to the abstract factory and to every concrete factory.