NSDictionary *dic = @{@1: @"A", @2: @"B"};
NSString *value1 = dic[@3];
//value1 is nil
//"?:" substitutes the default
NSString *value2 = dic[@3] ?: @"-";
//value2 is "-"
//counting with a default of zero
NSString *chars = @"ABCBA";
NSMutableDictionary *charCounts =
[NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
for (NSUInteger i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
NSString *c = [chars substringWithRange:
NSMakeRange(i, 1)];
charCounts[c] =
@([(charCounts[c] ?: @0) intValue] + 1);
}
//charCounts is {A: 2, B: 2, C: 1}